تستخدمان كأدوات نكرة. The Is used as definite articles تستخدم كأداه للتعريف We put “a” before a noun starting with a constant sound a نضع قبل الأسماء التي تبدأ بحرف ساكن a book We put “an” before a noun starting with a vowel sound an نضع قبل الأسماء التي تبدأ بحرف متحرك "a ,e ,I ,o ,u"
an orange We use article with the name that is repeated. يستخدم مع الإسم الذي ذكر للمره الثانيه I saw a man. The man was young. Prepositions
حروف الجر كثيرة و متشابكة، فقد يكون للحرف الواحد أكثر من معنى وذلك حسب ه في الجملة. و الطريقة المثلى لتعلم حروف الجر هي التدرب عليها من خلال جمل و ليست كحروف منفصلة A preposition shows the relation between the subject and the object There are also prepositions of time and prepositions of place تدل حروف الجر على العلاقة بين الفاعل و المفعول به و يوجد أيضاً حروف جر دالة على الزمن و حروف جر دالة على المكان Here are some examples:
Subject + verb preposition "noun" The food is on the table. She lives in Japan. Tara is looking for you. The letter is under your blue book. Pascal is used to English people. She isn't used to working. I ate before coming.
Conjunctions A conjunction is a word that "joins". A conjunction joins two parts of a sentence.
الارتباطات الكلمه التي تربط جزأين من الجمله Function Conjunctions have two basic functions or "jobs": لها وظيفتين أساسيتين *used to join two parts of a sentence that are grammatically equal. The two parts may be single words or clauses, for example:
- Jack and Jill went up the hill.
- The water was warm, but I didn't go swimming. تربط جزأين من الجمله متساويين نحويا . قد يكون الجزأين كلمات مفرده أو مقاطع
*used to join a subordinate dependent clause to a main clause, for example:
- I went swimming although it was cold. وتستخدم لربط شبه الجمله الثانويه بالمقطع الرئيسي منها Interjections Hi! That's an interjection. :-) Interjection is a big name for a little word . Interjections are short exclamations like Oh!, Um or Ah! They have no real grammatical value but we use them quite often, usually more in speaking than in writing. When interjections are inserted into a sentence, they have no grammatical connection to the sentence. An interjection is sometimes followed by an exclamation mark (!) when written
. المداخلات .. أو التعجب هو مسمى كبير لكلمه بسيطه ليس لها قيمه نحويه لكننا نستخدمها غالبا في الحديث وليس الكتابه حينما تكون في الجمله لا يوجد أي صلات نحويه ونستخدم معها علامة التعجب ! في الكتابة The table below shows some interjections with examples.
interjection meaning example ah expressing pleasure تعبر عن السرور "Ah, that feels good." expressing realization الإدراك "Ah, now I understand." expressing surprise الإندهاش .. المفاجأه "Ah! I've won!" alas expressing grief or pity الحزن أو الشفقه "Alas, she's dead now." dear expressing pity الشفقه "Oh dear! Does it hurt?" expressing surprise المفاجأه "Dear me! That's a surprise!" eh asking for repetition التكرار "It's hot today." "Eh?" "I said it's hot today." expressing enquiry استعلام "What do you think of that, eh?" expressing surprise "Eh! Really?" inviting agreement دعوة اتفاق "Let's go, eh?" er expressing hesitation التردد "Lima is the capital of...er...Peru." hello, hullo expressing greeting التحيه "Hello John. How are you today?" expressing surprise "Hello! My car's gone!" hey calling attention لفت انتباه "Hey! look at that!" expressing surprise, joy etc "Hey! What a good idea!" hi expressing greeting "Hi! What's new?" hmm expressing hesitation, doubt or disagreement الشك , الرفض , التردد "Hmm. I'm not so sure." oh, o expressing surprise "Oh! You're here!" expressing pain الألم "Oh! I've got a toothache." expressing pleading الإلتماس أو التضرع "Oh, please say 'yes'!" ouch expressing pain "Ouch! That hurts!" uh expressing hesitation "Uh...I don't know the answer to that." uh-huh expressing agreement "Shall we go?" "Uh-huh." um, umm expressing hesitation "85 divided by 5 is...um...17." well expressing surprise "Well I never!" introducing a remark تقديم ملاحظه "Well, what did he say?"
اعتذر الدرس ليس منسق .. لأني متعبه جدا لذا سأعدله لا حقا
